Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

11.6K
When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
11.6K
Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

524
The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
524
Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis01:23

Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis

676
Cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disorder, significantly affects the function of exocrine glands. This genetically inherited disease is characterized by the production of thick and sticky mucus, which can severely affect various organs and systems in the body.
CF is primarily caused by a genetic mutation in a chromosome 7 gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. The most common gene mutation leading to CF is the ΔF508 mutation,...
676
Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology01:29

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

2.5K
The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:
2.5K
Stages of Infection01:26

Stages of Infection

64.7K
Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
64.7K
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

2.6K
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
2.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Origins of Ploem's Filter Cube: A Pandora's Box.

Journal of microscopy·2026
Same author

Short T1 Fraction as a Marker of Myelin Content: Evidence from Postmortem MRI and Histology.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Stage-dependent dynamics of neuroinflammation across the Alzheimer's continuum.

Brain, behavior, and immunity·2026
Same author

Relation of blood-based inflammation conditional networks to key immune health status and Alzheimer's biomarkers in aging adults.

Neurobiology of aging·2026
Same author

Proteomic profiling of Elp1-deficient trigeminal ganglia reveals disruption of neurotrophic and metabolic pathways in a familial dysautonomia mouse model.

Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists·2026
Same author

Caspase 5c amplifies Wnt via APC cleavage to promote intestinal homeostasis.

Nature·2026
Same journal

Unveiling the procoagulant state in Alzheimer's disease: A novel PET imaging strategy.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Estimated labor market outcomes of people progressing from preclinical to early-stage Alzheimer's disease in the United States.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Amyloid exacerbates tau and alpha-synuclein pathologies, behavioral impairments, and neuroinflammation in a mixed dementia model.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Multimorbidity burden and patterns associated with DeepBrainNet-derived brain-age gap in dementia-free older adults: A community-based study.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Reply to "Shifting the emphasis of brain health literacy from individuals to systems to reduce inequalities".

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Shifting the emphasis of brain health literacy from individuals to systems to reduce inequalities.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses
09:07

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses

Published on: June 14, 2020

11.5K

Basic Science and Pathogenesis.

Arline Faustin1, Aysha Strobbe2, Kaleah Balcomb2

  • 1NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phosphorylated tau (pTau) accumulation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) appears sequential, with pTau181 in neurites appearing first. Midkine is also identified as a key protein in early AD progression.

More Related Videos

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia
13:45

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia

Published on: September 21, 2019

6.0K
Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses
08:38

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

Published on: February 22, 2019

6.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses
09:07

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses

Published on: June 14, 2020

11.5K
A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia
13:45

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia

Published on: September 21, 2019

6.0K
Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses
08:38

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

Published on: February 22, 2019

6.3K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Emerging evidence suggests sequential phosphorylation of tau residues in Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • Understanding the earliest accumulating pTau species is crucial for therapeutic and biomarker development.
  • Current knowledge regarding the temporal order of pTau accumulation in early AD remains limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a detailed proteomic and neuropathological investigation of pTau accumulation in early stages of Alzheimer's disease.
  • To identify specific pTau species that accumulate earliest and correlate with disease vulnerability.
  • To explore the role of protein alterations, including midkine, in preclinical and mild cognitive impairment stages of AD.

Main Methods:

  • Localized proteomics was employed to profile protein changes in post-mortem brain tissue from preclinical AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and control cases.
  • Proteomic analysis was performed on the inferior temporal cortex and primary visual cortex to assess regional differences.
  • Immunofluorescence validated the abundance and localization of specific pTau species (pTau181, pTau217, pTau231, pTau202/205).

Main Results:

  • Over 3,800 proteins were quantified; Midkine was significantly altered in early AD in both brain regions.
  • pTau217 showed the strongest correlation with disease vulnerability, increasing from controls to MCI.
  • Neuritic pTau181 was identified as the earliest tau accumulation, followed by pTau217/202/205, and then pTau231 as pathology progressed.

Conclusions:

  • pTau accumulation in early AD appears to follow a staged pattern, initiating with pTau181 in neurites.
  • The findings highlight a potential sequential order of pTau species accumulation in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
  • Proteomic analysis identified midkine as a protein of potential significance in the early stages of AD.