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Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses
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Basic Science and Pathogenesis.

Santosh Kumar Prajapati1, Rohit Shukla1, Vivek Kumar1

  • 1Center for Microbiome Research, Microbiomes Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alterations in gut bacteria, immune cells, and gene expression are linked to cognitive impairment in older adults. These changes highlight the microbiota-immune-brain axis

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Microbiome Research

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis involves the microbiota-immune-brain axis.
  • The precise relationship between gut microbiota, immune activity, and cognitive impairment is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between gut microbial composition, immune cell phenotypes, and cognitive function in older adults.

Main Methods:

  • Study included older adults (≥60 years) with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and controls.
  • Cognitive function assessed via Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores.
  • Immunophenotyping, whole-genome metagenomics of stool, and bulk transcriptomics were performed.

Main Results:

  • MCI participants showed decreased granulocytes, lymphocytes, T-cells, and NK cells, with reduced CD4+ and increased CD8+ T-cells.
  • Distinct gut bacterial signatures were observed in MCI individuals, including higher abundances of specific species.
  • Transcriptomics revealed altered gene expression related to immune functions and nervous system processes.

Conclusions:

  • Distinct gut bacteria, immune cell profiles, and gene expression patterns are associated with cognitive function in aging.
  • Findings suggest interactions within the microbiota-immune-brain axis contribute to cognitive impairment.