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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

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In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment01:08

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Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...
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Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug...
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Bioavailability Study Design: Single Versus Multiple Dose Studies01:11

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Bioavailability studies are essential for understanding how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body. These studies assess the extent and rate at which the active pharmaceutical agent becomes available at the site of action. The design of bioavailability studies can involve single-dose or multiple-dose regimens, each with distinct advantages and limitations.Single-dose studies are the preferred approach due to their simplicity and reduced drug exposure for...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism01:18

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Geriatric patients show significant variation in how their bodies process medications, which can change how effective and safe treatments are. The liver is the primary organ where drug metabolism occurs, involving two main types of chemical reactions: phase I and II. Phase I metabolism is driven by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, which includes key types such as CYP3A, CYP2D6, and CYP2C9. Research indicates that while aging doesn't notably alter the levels or activity of these enzymes, it...
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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Measurement of Carotenoids in Perifovea using the Macular Pigment Reflectometer
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Effects of carotenoid supplementation on liver enzymes in adults: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and

Sareh-Sadat Heydari1,2, Mohammad Vesal Bideshki3,4, Marzieh Akbarzadeh5

  • 1Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies
|December 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Carotenoid supplementation shows potential for reducing liver enzymes, particularly in adults with a BMI over 25 or those with existing health conditions. Further research is needed to confirm these benefits.

Keywords:
Alanine aminotransferaseAspartate aminotransferaseAstaxanthinLycopeneMeta-analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Biochemistry
  • Clinical Nutrition
  • Evidence Synthesis

Background:

  • Carotenoids possess antioxidant properties beneficial for chronic diseases.
  • Previous evidence on carotenoids' effects on liver enzymes is inconsistent.
  • A meta-analysis was lacking to consolidate existing findings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of carotenoid supplementation on key liver enzymes.
  • To analyze effects on Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT).

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases.
  • Meta-analysis using random effects model to calculate weighted mean differences and 95% confidence intervals.
  • Performed dose-response, meta-regression, sensitivity, and publication bias analyses; assessed evidence certainty using GRADE.

Main Results:

  • Pooled estimates showed non-significant effects on ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT overall.
  • Significant ALT reductions observed in participants with BMI ≥ 25 and in non-healthy individuals.
  • AST and GGT levels significantly decreased in non-healthy participants, with AST also reduced in those over 50.

Conclusions:

  • Carotenoid supplementation may reduce liver enzymes, especially in non-healthy individuals and those with elevated BMI.
  • Findings suggest a potential benefit in specific subgroups requiring further investigation.
  • More rigorous trials employing standardized methodologies are recommended.