Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

11.6K
When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
11.6K
Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

524
The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
524
Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis01:23

Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis

676
Cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disorder, significantly affects the function of exocrine glands. This genetically inherited disease is characterized by the production of thick and sticky mucus, which can severely affect various organs and systems in the body.
CF is primarily caused by a genetic mutation in a chromosome 7 gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. The most common gene mutation leading to CF is the ΔF508 mutation,...
676
Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology01:29

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

2.5K
The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:
2.5K
Stages of Infection01:26

Stages of Infection

64.7K
Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
64.7K
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

2.6K
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
2.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Prognostic Value of Blood-Based P-Tau217 Levels for Progression to Cognitive Impairment.

JAMA·2026
Same author

Relationships between longitudinal retinal amyloid imaging and amyloid PET in the A4 Trial.

Alzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands)·2026
Same author

Neuropathological and functional impact of astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles in an aged model of Alzheimer's disease.

Experimental neurology·2026
Same author

Retraction Note: Effects of innate immune receptor stimulation on extracellular α-synuclein uptake and degradation by brain resident cells.

Experimental & molecular medicine·2026
Same author

Structural Basis for the Pro-amyloidogenic Action and Ligand Binding of a Novel W72R Variant of Human Apolipoprotein A-I.

Journal of molecular biology·2026
Same author

Sex-Dependent Effects of CSF1R-Mediated Myeloid Cell Depletion in a Mouse Model of Multiple System Atrophy.

The European journal of neuroscience·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses
09:07

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses

Published on: June 14, 2020

11.5K

Basic Science and Pathogenesis.

Brian Spencer1, Aaron Schueler2, Daniel Sung2

  • 1Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, San Diego, CA, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A new Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse model expressing both 3R and 4R tau isoforms shows accelerated tau pathology and cognitive deficits. This model better reflects human tauopathies, offering improved therapeutic target validation for AD research.

More Related Videos

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia
13:45

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia

Published on: September 21, 2019

6.0K
Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses
08:38

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

Published on: February 22, 2019

6.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses
09:07

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses

Published on: June 14, 2020

11.5K
A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia
13:45

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia

Published on: September 21, 2019

6.0K
Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses
08:38

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

Published on: February 22, 2019

6.3K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pathology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a tauopathy defined by amyloid-beta (Aß) and tau protein accumulation.
  • Tau protein exists in 3-repeat (3R) and 4-repeat (4R) isoforms, present in equimolar ratios in AD.
  • Current research predominantly uses models focusing on 4R tau, neglecting 3R tau's role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a more comprehensive mouse model of AD tauopathy.
  • To investigate the impact of co-expressed 3R and 4R tau on neuropathology and neurodegeneration.
  • To understand tau isoform-specific contributions to AD pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of a bigenic transgenic mouse line expressing both 3R tau and 4R tau (3R/4Rtau).
  • Assessment of tau and phosphorylated tau levels in the hippocampus and cortex.
  • Evaluation of astrogliosis, microglial activation, and behavioral changes.

Main Results:

  • 3R/4Rtau bigenic mice exhibited elevated tau and phosphorylated tau (including AD-relevant pTau181, pTau396/404) by 3 months.
  • Increased astrogliosis and microglial activation were observed in bigenic mice.
  • Significant deficits in spatial learning, memory, and nest building were noted in 3R/4Rtau mice compared to single-transgenic controls.

Conclusions:

  • The 3R/4Rtau bigenic mouse model accurately recapitulates human tauopathy patterns, severity, and behavioral changes seen in AD.
  • This model provides a more complete representation of tauopathy than single-isoform models.
  • It is recommended for validating therapeutic targets and investigating novel therapies for tauopathies.