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Ammonium polyphosphate enabling nonflammable practical high-nickel cells: Performance verification and mechanism
Fumin Zhang1,2, Weifeng Li1,2, Zhenhai Gao1,2
1National Key Laboratory of Automotive Chassis Integration and Bionics, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China.
Iscience
|December 24, 2025
Summary
Adding ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to high-nickel battery electrolytes prevents fires during thermal events. A 5% APP addition offers optimal performance and safety for power batteries.
Area of Science:
- Materials Science
- Electrochemistry
- Battery Technology
Background:
- High-nickel batteries are prone to thermal safety issues.
- Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is a low-cost flame retardant with uncertain effects on battery performance.
Purpose of the Study:
- Investigate the impact of APP on the electrochemical performance, safety, and interface of LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2/Graphite@10%SiO pouch cells.
- Determine the optimal APP concentration for mitigating thermal runaway.
Main Methods:
- Electrolyte modification with varying APP concentrations (0%, 5%, 10%).
- Electrochemical cycling and performance testing.
- Thermal abuse testing.
- Interface analysis.
Main Results:
- Cells with 10% APP did not ignite during thermal abuse.
- Capacity retention rates after 137 cycles at 0.5 C were 96.9% (5% APP) and 96.8% (10% APP).
- Electrode interface thickening and active lithium loss contributed to capacity fade.
- Overall performance was superior with 5% APP compared to 10% APP.
Conclusions:
- Ammonium polyphosphate is an effective flame retardant for high-nickel batteries.
- A 5% APP electrolyte additive provides a balance between enhanced safety and maintained electrochemical performance.
- This strategy offers a promising approach to mitigate thermal runaway in high-energy-density power batteries.
