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Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.

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Apoptosis, Cell Cycle and Differentiation Effects of Propolis Extracted in Olive Oil on HL-60 AML Cells: A Flow

Hamide Dogan^1,2, A Ata Ozcimen², Erkan Alabas²

¹Department of Translational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Cukurova University, Adana, Türkiye, cu.edu.tr.

Analytical Cellular Pathology (Amsterdam)

|December 24, 2025

Summary

Olive oil extract of propolis (OEP) shows potential as a natural leukemia treatment, effectively inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Combining OEP with methylprednisolone (MP) enhances these anti-leukemic effects.

Keywords:

DNA cell cycle apoptosis differentiation olive oil extract of propolis

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Area of Science:

Natural product chemistry
Cancer biology
Pharmacology

Background:

Leukemia treatment often involves drugs with significant side effects.
Natural products are being investigated for their therapeutic potential with fewer adverse effects.
Propolis extracts, particularly from olive oil, show promise in preclinical studies.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the anti-leukemic mechanism of olive oil extract of propolis (OEP) in HL-60 cells.
To evaluate the synergistic effects of OEP in combination with methylprednisolone (MP).
To assess OEP's impact on apoptosis, cell cycle, and differentiation in acute myeloid leukemia cells.

Main Methods:

Cytotoxicity and proliferation assays using the WST-8 kit.
Flow cytometry to analyze apoptosis, cell cycle distribution, and differentiation markers (CD11b, CD14, CD68).
Treatment of HL-60 cells with OEP alone and in combination with MP.

Main Results:

OEP demonstrated cytotoxic effects with an IC50 of 0.5 μL/mL after 24h.
OEP induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest at 24h, an effect enhanced by MP.
Combination therapy significantly increased G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis compared to OEP alone.

Conclusions:

Olive oil extract of propolis (OEP) exhibits significant anti-leukemic properties by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.
Combination of OEP with methylprednisolone (MP) potentiates anti-leukemic effects, suggesting a promising therapeutic strategy.
OEP warrants further preclinical investigation for leukemia treatment due to its multifaceted anti-cancer mechanisms.