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Sleep progresses through distinct stages, each characterized by specific brain wave patterns and physiological responses ranging from wakefulness to stages of non-rapid eye movement, known as non-REM, to rapid eye movement, referred to as REM. Understanding these stages helps in recognizing how sleep supports various bodily and cognitive functions.
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The study of music provides many examples of the superposition of waves and the constructive and destructive interference that occurs. Very few examples of music being performed consist of a single source playing a single frequency for an extended period of time. A single frequency of sound for an extended period might be monotonous to the point of irritation, similar to the unwanted drone of an aircraft engine or a loud fan. Music is pleasant and exciting due to mixing the changing frequencies...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice
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Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice

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Musical harmony is processed during sleep: a proof-of-concept study.

Anna Zoé Wick1, Björn Rasch1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.

Sleep Advances : a Journal of the Sleep Research Society
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The sleeping brain differentiates between major, minor, and dissonant musical chords, showing distinct neural responses. Musical training enhances this processing during sleep.

Keywords:
EEG analysisevent-related potentialsmusical harmonysleep

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Music Psychology

Background:

  • Musical chords convey emotion, with distinct neural correlates during wakefulness.
  • Limited understanding exists regarding auditory processing of musical chords during sleep.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if the sleeping brain differentiates between major, minor, and dissonant musical chords.
  • To explore the influence of musical expertise on auditory processing during sleep.

Main Methods:

  • Presented major, minor, and dissonant chords to 47 participants during non-rapid eye movement sleep.
  • Recorded sleep using polysomnography and analyzed event-related responses.
  • Examined differences in time-frequency domain and peak-to-peak amplitudes.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in neural responses were observed across chord categories during sleep.
  • Major chords elicited the strongest negative amplitude, while dissonant chords showed the lowest.
  • Musical training correlated with enhanced differentiation of musical harmony during sleep.

Conclusions:

  • The sleeping brain continues to process single musical chords differently based on harmonic features.
  • Musical expertise modulates the neural processing of harmony during sleep.
  • Further research is needed for complex musical structures during sleep.