Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

11.6K
When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
11.6K
Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

524
The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
524
Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis01:23

Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis

676
Cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disorder, significantly affects the function of exocrine glands. This genetically inherited disease is characterized by the production of thick and sticky mucus, which can severely affect various organs and systems in the body.
CF is primarily caused by a genetic mutation in a chromosome 7 gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. The most common gene mutation leading to CF is the ΔF508 mutation,...
676
Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology01:29

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

2.5K
The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:
2.5K
Stages of Infection01:26

Stages of Infection

64.7K
Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
64.7K
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

2.6K
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
2.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Correction: Rural-urban differences in lipid abnormalities among middle‑aged and older Indians.

BMC public health·2025
Same author

Public Health.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2025
Same author

SIRT2 attenuates stress-induced skeletal muscle atrophy by inhibiting glucocorticoid receptor signalling.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Rural-urban differences in lipid abnormalities among middle-aged and older Indians.

BMC public health·2025
Same author

Understanding the link between insulin resistance and cognition: a cross-sectional study conducted in an urban, South Indian cohort.

Acta diabetologica·2025
Same author

Comparison of homocysteine, vitamin B12 and folic acid between rural and urban ageing Indians and its association with mild cognitive impairment and cardiovascular risk factors: a cross-sectional analysis.

Brain communications·2024
Same journal

Multimorbidity burden and patterns associated with DeepBrainNet-derived brain-age gap in dementia-free older adults: A community-based study.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Reply to "Shifting the emphasis of brain health literacy from individuals to systems to reduce inequalities".

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Shifting the emphasis of brain health literacy from individuals to systems to reduce inequalities.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Correlates and predictors of self-efficacy among dementia caregivers: D-CARE findings.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

What should convince a clinician of disease modification in Alzheimer's disease clinical trials?

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Primary cilia-extracellular vesicle crosstalk in Alzheimer's disease: Emerging mechanisms and biomarker potential.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses
09:07

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses

Published on: June 14, 2020

11.5K

Basic Science and Pathogenesis.

Mayank Pushpam1,2, Rehab Hussain2, Latha Diwakar2

  • 1Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vascular insults worsen Alzheimer

More Related Videos

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia
13:45

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia

Published on: September 21, 2019

6.0K
Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses
08:38

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

Published on: February 22, 2019

6.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses
09:07

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses

Published on: June 14, 2020

11.5K
A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia
13:45

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia

Published on: September 21, 2019

6.0K
Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses
08:38

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

Published on: February 22, 2019

6.3K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Vascular Biology
  • Alzheimer's Disease Research

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) often presents as mixed dementia with vascular pathology, particularly in the elderly.
  • Vascular risk factors are linked to white matter changes and cognitive decline, exacerbating amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau pathology in AD.
  • This study investigates blood-brain barrier (BBB) changes and neuroinflammation in relation to Aβ plaque formation and cognitive deficits in AD models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms of vascular pathology, including blood-brain barrier (BBB) changes and neuroinflammation, in Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • To assess the impact of vascular insults on amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque formation and cognitive deficits in AD transgenic mouse models.
  • To evaluate the protective effects of trophic factors, specifically pleiotrophin (PTN), against vascular insults and BBB dysfunction in AD.

Main Methods:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) transgenic mice (APPswe and J20 models) were used.
  • Vascular insult was induced via endothelin-1 (ET-1) injection into the lateral ventricles.
  • Blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, neuroinflammation, and cognitive function were assessed using immunohistochemistry and behavioral tests. Pleiotrophin (PTN) was used for protective effect evaluation.

Main Results:

  • Endothelin-1 (ET-1) induced memory deficits and blood-brain barrier (BBB) breaching in APPswe mice, characterized by macrophage infiltration and neuroinflammation.
  • Increased microglial activation was observed in both APPswe and J20 AD mouse models, correlating with enhanced plaque deposition in J20 mice.
  • The trophic factor pleiotrophin (PTN) demonstrated a protective effect by preventing ET-1-induced BBB disruption in APPswe mice.

Conclusions:

  • Vascular insults differentially affect AD mouse models (APPswe vs. J20) regarding susceptibility and BBB integrity changes, varying with age.
  • The study highlights the role of vascular pathology and neuroinflammation in exacerbating AD progression.
  • Pleiotrophin (PTN) shows potential as a therapeutic agent by preventing BBB dysfunction in the context of AD-related vascular insults.