Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Infection

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...

Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis

Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis

Cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disorder, significantly affects the function of exocrine glands. This genetically inherited disease is characterized by the production of thick and sticky mucus, which can severely affect various organs and systems in the body.
CF is primarily caused by a genetic mutation in a chromosome 7 gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. The most common gene mutation leading to CF is the ΔF508 mutation,...

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:

Stages of Infection

Stages of Infection

Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Abnormal amyloid PET usually represents intermediate/high Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026

Same author

Regional diffusion imaging measures to disentangle SVD-related hypertensive arteriopathy versus cerebral amyloid angiopathy.

Molecular neurodegeneration·2026

Same author

Microfluidic nanomagnetically isolated neuron- and astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles to differentiate Lewy body and Alzheimer's disease.

Npj biosensing·2026

Same author

A repeat expansion in GOLGA8A is a major risk factor for atypical frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions.

Nature genetics·2026

Same author

FDG-PET imaging to identify brain regions associated with Alzheimer's disease-related TDP-43 proteinopathy: A predictive model using penalized logistic regression analysis.

Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD·2026

Same author

Tau PET overlap index correlation with neuropathological findings.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses

Published on: June 14, 2020

Basic Science and Pathogenesis.

Aivi T Nguyen¹, Vijay K Ramanan², Scott A Przybelski³

¹Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association

|December 24, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Microglial activation, specifically an MS4A6A SNP, plays a key role in cognitive resilience, even with high Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change. Increased microglial activation markers were linked to better cognitive performance.

More Related Videos

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia

Published on: September 21, 2019

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

Published on: February 22, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses

Published on: June 14, 2020

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia

Published on: September 21, 2019

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

Published on: February 22, 2019

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Immunology
Genetics

Background:

Cognitive resilience is the ability to maintain normal cognition despite significant Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change (ADNC).
The role of microglial activation in cognitive resilience remains understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the association between microglial activation and cognitive resilience in individuals with intermediate to high ADNC.
To explore the impact of specific microglial-associated genes, such as MS4A gene cluster SNPs, on cognitive function.

Main Methods:

Identified cognitively resilient (CR) individuals from a high-cognitively unimpaired cohort based on ADNC levels.
Utilized regression models to assess the relationship between global cognition, ADNC, and microglial-specific genes (MS4A SNPs).
Performed postmortem analysis of microglial activation markers (ARM) and beta-amyloid in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, correlating with antemortem cognitive and imaging data.

Main Results:

A third of high-cognitively unimpaired individuals met criteria for cognitive resilience (intermediate/high ADNC).
An MS4A6A SNP was found in 28% of CR individuals, showing a protective cognitive effect.
Cognitively resilient individuals exhibited higher ARM:amyloid ratios and fewer neuritic plaques compared to controls.

Conclusions:

Microglial activation, modulated by MS4A6A SNPs, is present in a significant portion of cognitively resilient individuals.
Increased microglial activation (ARM:amyloid) is associated with better antemortem cognitive performance in resilient individuals.
These findings highlight microglial activation as a crucial component of cognitive resilience, warranting further investigation into protective mechanisms and vascular links.