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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Juan Antonio Kim Hoo Chong Chie1, Scott A Persohn2, Ravi S Pandey3

  • 1Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Metabolic and vascular dysfunction (MVD) patterns in the brain show promise for early Alzheimer's disease diagnosis. These combined imaging measures offer a sensitive tool for detecting at-risk regions, improving patient monitoring and therapeutic strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Alzheimer's Disease Research
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • Current Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) diagnosis relies on late-stage imaging, missing early damage.
  • Irreversible brain damage occurs before current diagnostic methods show sensitivity.
  • Regional metabolic and vascular dysfunction (MVD) may be detectable earlier across the ADRD spectrum.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the hypothesis that MVD is an early, sensitive, noninvasive diagnostic tool for ADRD.
  • To investigate MVD patterns in a retrospective clinical population from cognitively normal (CN) to Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 18F-FDG PET and ASL MRI data from 290 ADNI participants (CN, MCI, AD).
  • Generated cerebral blood flow (CBF) and PET images, registered them to an atlas, and computed regional z-scores relative to CN.
  • Analyzed at-risk regions using t-tests and hierarchical clustering, aligning with transcriptomic and cognitive data.

Main Results:

  • Disease progression follows a distinct MVD pattern, enabling stage-dependent detection of at-risk brain regions.
  • MCI subjects exhibited Type 1 (↓18F-FDG, ↑CBF) and Type 2 (↑18F-FDG, ↓CBF) MVD.
  • AD subjects displayed prodromal (↑18F-FDG, ↑CBF) and neuro-metabolic-vascular failure (↓18F-FDG, ↓CBF) MVD phenotypes.
  • Observed alignment between MVD patterns, transcriptomic signatures, and cognitive assessments.

Conclusions:

  • MVD patterns in at-risk brain regions are influenced by sex, APOE status, age, and disease stage.
  • MVD patterns offer a sensitive diagnostic approach for early ADRD detection.
  • This method may enhance patient monitoring, stratification, and the testing of therapeutics.