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Hierarchy of Motor Control01:18

Hierarchy of Motor Control

The hierarchy of motor control refers to the different levels of organization and processing involved in controlling movement in the body. These levels range from higher cortical areas involved in planning and decision-making to lower spinal cord reflexes that respond automatically to external stimuli.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior
09:49

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

Published on: April 16, 2014

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Exploring the Bidirectional Relationship Between Numerical Cognition and Motor Performance: A Systematic Review.

Eliane Rached1,2, Jihan Allaw1,2, Joy Khayat1

  • 1Laboratory of Motor System, Handicap and Rehabilitation (MOHAR), Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut P.O. Box 6573/14, Lebanon.

Brain Sciences
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Number processing and motor skills interact, with numbers often improving movement and actions influencing numerical understanding. This suggests shared brain networks are involved.

Keywords:
arithmeticembodied cognitionmental calculationmotor functionmotor performancenumerical cognition

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Motor Control
  • Human Performance

Background:

  • Numerical cognition and motor performance share overlapping neural systems.
  • The precise nature of their reciprocal interaction is not fully understood.
  • Investigating this interplay is crucial for understanding cognitive-motor links.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review how number processing affects motor execution.
  • To examine how motor activity influences numerical cognition.
  • To emphasize the underlying neural mechanisms of these associations.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search across multiple databases (Scopus, PubMed, etc.) up to August 2025.
  • Inclusion of experimental studies on numerical cognition and motor performance in healthy adults.
  • Independent screening, data extraction, and quality assessment by two reviewers following PRISMA and Cochrane guidelines.

Main Results:

  • Twelve studies met inclusion criteria, predominantly showing numerical stimuli facilitate motor responses.
  • Congruent number-movement pairings led to faster reactions and improved kinematics.
  • Mental calculation enhanced motor output, but high cognitive load caused interference; motor actions biased numerical judgments.

Conclusions:

  • Evidence indicates a facilitative pattern, likely due to shared cognitive and motor resources.
  • Findings enhance theoretical models of cognitive-motor integration.
  • Results suggest potential applications in education, sports, and neurorehabilitation.