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Quantum Security of Nonce-Based Encryption.

Shuping Mao1, Peng Wang2, Yan Jia3,4

  • 1Beijing Electronic Science & Technology Institute, Beijing 100070, China.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Replacing random Initialization Vectors (IVs) with nonces in encryption can compromise quantum security. New nonce-based encryption modes (CBC2, CFB2, OFB2, CTR2) offer provable security against quantum adversaries.

Keywords:
N-IND-qCPAR-IND-qCPAnonce-based encryption

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Area of Science:

  • Cryptography
  • Quantum Computing Security
  • Information Theory

Background:

  • Classical encryption modes like CBC, CFB, OFB, and CTR are secure against quantum chosen-plaintext attacks (IND-qCPA) when using random Initialization Vectors (IVs).
  • However, the security of these modes degrades when random IVs are replaced with nonces, impacting both classical and quantum security guarantees.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the quantum security implications of using nonces instead of random IVs in symmetric encryption.
  • To develop and propose novel nonce-based encryption modes that maintain security against quantum adversaries.
  • To establish a systematic framework for transitioning existing IV-based encryption schemes to secure nonce-based alternatives.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of nonce-based encryption security under the Indistinguishability against Quantum Chosen-Plaintext Attacks (IND-qCPA) model.
  • Development of a general transformation to convert R-IND-qCPA (randomized) security to N-IND-qCPA (nonce-based) security.
  • Introduction and provable security analysis of enhanced nonce-based encryption variants: CBC2, CFB2, OFB2, and CTR2.

Main Results:

  • Replacing random IVs with nonces in standard encryption modes like CBC, CFB, OFB, and CTR compromises their IND-qCPA security.
  • The proposed transformation successfully upgrades randomized security to nonce-based security.
  • The new modes CBC2, CFB2, OFB2, and CTR2 are proven to be N-IND-qCPA secure.
  • Nonce-based stream cipher encryption inherently satisfies N-IND-qCPA security.

Conclusions:

  • Standard IV-based encryption modes are not secure against quantum adversaries when nonces are used instead of random IVs.
  • The proposed CBC2, CFB2, OFB2, and CTR2 modes provide provable quantum security for nonce-based encryption.
  • These findings offer a crucial framework for enhancing practical symmetric encryption against evolving quantum threats.