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Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Stretch in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells cEND as an In Vitro Traumatic Brain Injury Model of the Blood Brain Barrier

Stretch in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells cEND as an In Vitro Traumatic Brain Injury Model of the Blood Brain Barrier

Published on: October 26, 2013

Three-Dimensional Human Neurovascular Unit Modeling Reveals Cell-Specific Mechanisms of Traumatic Brain Injury.

Liam H Power¹, Evan C Marcet¹, Zihong Chen¹

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.

Journal of Functional Biomaterials

|December 24, 2025

Summary

Controlled cortical impact in a 3D human neurovascular unit model caused cell death and disrupted the blood-brain barrier. Cell interactions revealed specific injury responses and vascular dysfunction after traumatic brain injury.

Keywords:

cellular responses neurovascular unit dysfunction traumatic brain injury

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Stretch in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells cEND as an In Vitro Traumatic Brain Injury Model of the Blood Brain Barrier

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Published on: October 26, 2013

Acute Brain Trauma in Mice Followed By Longitudinal Two-photon Imaging

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Published on: April 6, 2014

Controlled Cortical Impact Model of Mouse Brain Injury with Therapeutic Transplantation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cells

Controlled Cortical Impact Model of Mouse Brain Injury with Therapeutic Transplantation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cells

Published on: July 10, 2019

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Biomaterials Science
Cell Biology

Background:

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) involves neurovascular unit (NVU) damage, potentially leading to neurodegenerative diseases.
The specific roles and interactions of human NVU cells after injury are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate cell-type-specific responses within the human NVU following controlled cortical impact (CCI).
To elucidate the mechanisms of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and vascular dysfunction after TBI using a human-based model.

Main Methods:

Developed a 3D human NVU model utilizing silk-collagen scaffolds.
Applied controlled cortical impact (CCI) to the NVU model to simulate TBI.
Analyzed cell death pathways, cytokine release (IL-1β), endothelial junctional protein regulation, and inflammatory molecule expression.

Main Results:

CCI induced acute cell death in astrocytes, microglia, and endothelial cells, but not pericytes, independent of apoptosis or necroptosis.
Astrocytes and microglia were key sources of IL-1β; astrocytes destabilized VE-cadherin, pericytes stabilized barrier proteins, and microglia affected Claudin-5.
Soluble factors from injured cells disrupted endothelial junctional proteins (ZO-1, Occludin) and increased adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1).

Conclusions:

Defined distinct cell-type-specific injury responses within the human NVU after trauma.
Revealed how NVU cell crosstalk regulates vascular dysfunction and BBB breakdown following TBI.
Established a human-based 3D model for studying TBI pathophysiology and developing therapeutic strategies.