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Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

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Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

An Alternative to the Traditional Cold Pressor Test: The Cold Pressor Arm Wrap
09:16

An Alternative to the Traditional Cold Pressor Test: The Cold Pressor Arm Wrap

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Extracranial Hemodynamic Responses to a Noxious Cold Pressor Task Differ Between Persistent Post-Traumatic Headache

Aaron W Parr1,2, David B Berry3, Bahar Shahidi3

  • 1Joint Doctoral Program in Public Health, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., San Diego, CA 92093, USA.

Journal of Personalized Medicine
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Individuals with persistent post-traumatic headache (pPTH) exhibit heightened systemic hemodynamic responses to cold stimuli, unlike healthy controls. Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex activity correlates with pain intensity in both groups.

Keywords:
autonomic nervous systemcorticalfunctional neuroimagingheadache disordersnear-infrared spectroscopynociceptionsecondary

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pain Research
  • Traumatic Brain Injury

Background:

  • Headache is a common consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI), often persisting and linked to significant disability.
  • Altered pain processing in persistent post-traumatic headache (pPTH) necessitates understanding its physiological underpinnings for targeted treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate differences in extra- and intracranial hemodynamic responses to a cold pressor task (CPT) between individuals with pPTH and healthy controls (HC).
  • To explore the relationship between pain intensity and hemodynamic responses in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) during nociceptive stimulation.

Main Methods:

  • A case-control study comparing 10 individuals with pPTH and 10 HC using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).
  • fNIRS measured hemodynamic responses in the medial PFC during tepid and cold water immersion (CPT).
  • Pain intensity was assessed using numeric ratings, and linear mixed effects models analyzed group and pain effects on hemodynamics.

Main Results:

  • Individuals with pPTH showed significantly greater extracranial hemodynamic responses to the CPT compared to HC.
  • No significant differences in intracranial PFC hemodynamic responses were observed between the groups.
  • Increased pain intensity during CPT correlated with heightened hemodynamic responses in the dorsomedial PFC, irrespective of group.

Conclusions:

  • Individuals with pPTH exhibit elevated autonomic nervous system-regulated systemic hemodynamic responses to noxious cold stimuli.
  • Dorsomedial PFC hemodynamic responses are associated with evoked pain intensity, suggesting potential as a biomarker for cortical pain processing variations in both healthy and clinical populations.