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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Arunima Kapoor1, Shubir Dutt2,3, John Paul M Alitin1

  • 1University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Higher cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) significantly reduces the risk of enlarged perivascular spaces (ePVS) and white matter hyperintensities (WMH). CVR deficits may indicate early cerebral small vessel disease changes, highlighting CVR as a potential risk marker.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Radiology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Enlarged perivascular spaces (ePVS) and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) are common in cerebral small vessel disease.
  • Few studies have investigated the independent effects of cerebrovascular dysfunction on ePVS and WMH.
  • Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) is an early marker of cerebrovascular function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine differences in CVR among individuals with no ePVS/WMH, only ePVS, only WMH, and both ePVS and WMH.
  • To determine if impaired cerebrovascular function increases the risk of developing ePVS and WMH.
  • To assess the association between CVR and the presence of ePVS and WMH.

Main Methods:

  • Recruited 118 non-demented, non-stroke older adults (mean age 68.4 years).
  • Quantified whole-brain CVR using pCASL MRI during hypercapnia induced by breathing exercises.
  • Assessed ePVS and WMH using standardized MRI scoring scales (centrum semiovale and Fazekas scale).

Main Results:

  • A significant difference in CVR was found between the groups (p=.021).
  • Individuals with both ePVS and WMH showed significantly lower CVR compared to those with neither.
  • Higher CVR was associated with a decreased risk of combined ePVS and WMH (OR=0.78, p=.035), even after adjusting for age and sex.

Conclusions:

  • Higher CVR is linked to a substantially lower risk of combined ePVS and WMH.
  • CVR deficits may represent early pathological changes contributing to ePVS and WMH development.
  • Further research should explore regional CVR differences and their impact on cognitive function.