The Evaluation of Ammonium Sulphate as a Potential Draw Solute in a Hybrid FO-RO Process to Concentrate Nutrients...

The ultimate objective of this research is to concentrate nutrients-nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)-and produce process water from a chemically pretreated liquid digestate using an FO-RO hybrid process. However, in this manuscript, we assessed the suitability of (NH₄)₂SO₄ and NaCl as draw solutes in a series of FO experiments employing a commercial CTA membrane and DI water as the feed solution. We also examined the regeneration of (NH₄)₂SO₄ in a series of RO experiments at various feed concentrations and pressures using a commercial polyamide (PA) thin-film composite (TFC) membrane, ACM4. Additionally, the RO experiments enabled the experimental determination of the osmotic pressure of (NH₄)₂SO₄ at various feed concentrations, which is crucial for designing the FO part of the hybrid process. The CTA membrane exhibited a significantly greater selectivity for (NH₄)₂SO₄ than for NaCl at any osmotic pressure. The RO experiments demonstrated the possibility of reconcentrating (NH₄)₂SO₄ to 0.5 mol/L, with a corresponding water flux of 60 L h^-1 m^-2 at 40 bars. The experimentally determined osmotic pressures were lower than those predicted by van't Hoff's equation but were consistent with those reported in the literature using an indirect hygrometric method.