Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

3.8K
Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction...
3.8K
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism01:10

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism

4.1K
Cyanohydrins are formed when cyanide nucleophiles and carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones react. A strong base, the cyanide ion, catalyzes cyanohydrin formation. The ions are generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. Once the cyanide ions are generated, the first step involves the nucleophilic attack of the cyanide ions on the electrophilic carbonyl carbon. This attack shifts the π electrons from the C=O to the oxygen atom forming the alkoxide ion intermediate. The alkoxide anion...
4.1K
Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

3.5K
Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic...
3.5K
Preparation of Acid Anhydrides01:07

Preparation of Acid Anhydrides

3.9K
One of the methods for preparing symmetrical or unsymmetrical acid anhydrides involves the treatment of acid chlorides with the sodium salt of carboxylic acids. The reaction proceeds via a nucleophilic acyl substitution.
The carboxylate ion acts as a nucleophile that attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Subsequently, the re-formation of the carbonyl group with the loss of the chloride ion as a leaving group leads to the formation of an acid...
3.9K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Mechanism01:26

Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Mechanism

4.0K
The Hofmann and Curtius rearrangement reactions can be applied to synthesize primary amines from carboxylic acid derivatives such as amides and acyl azides. In the Hofmann rearrangement, a primary amide undergoes deprotonation in the presence of a base, followed by halogenation to generate an N-haloamide. A second proton abstraction produces a stabilized anionic species, which rearranges to an isocyanate intermediate via an alkyl group migration from the carbonyl carbon to the neighboring...
4.0K
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

12.5K
Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
12.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

[Cognitive health of Moscow residents 55 years and older: Epidemiological data].

Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova·2026
Same author

Overcoming Chemoresistance in Glioblastoma: Mechanisms, Therapeutic Strategies, and Functional Precision Medicine.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same author

[Results of the program to preserve cognitive skills and psycho-emotional health in Moscow Longevity Centers].

Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova·2026
Same author

Gene Therapy for Heart Failure: Impact on Mitochondrial Dysfunction.

Biomedicines·2026
Same author

Ischaemia/reperfusion and permanent ischaemia differentially affect haemoglobin properties - Possible influence of oxidative stress and adaptation to acute hypoxia.

The FEBS journal·2026
Same author

Plasma Protein Panel for Assessing the Risk of Alzheimer's Disease by MRM-MS Analysis: The Study of Two Independent Clinical Cohorts.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Synthesis of Hypervalent Iodonium Alkynyl Triflates for the Application of Generating Cyanocarbenes
12:27

Synthesis of Hypervalent Iodonium Alkynyl Triflates for the Application of Generating Cyanocarbenes

Published on: September 8, 2013

11.2K

An Optimized Protocol for Enzymatic Hypothiocyanous Acid Synthesis.

Alexander I Kostyuk1,2, Gleb S Oleinik2,3, Vladimir A Mitkevich4

  • 1Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia.

Methods and Protocols
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed an improved method for synthesizing hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN), a reactive oxidant crucial for cellular toxicity studies. This new protocol significantly increases HOSCN yield, enabling more effective large-scale experiments.

Keywords:
HOSCNenzymatic synthesishypohalous acidshypothiocyanous acidlactoperoxidase

More Related Videos

Constructing Thioether/Vinyl Sulfide-tethered Helical Peptides Via Photo-induced Thiol-ene/yne Hydrothiolation
11:09

Constructing Thioether/Vinyl Sulfide-tethered Helical Peptides Via Photo-induced Thiol-ene/yne Hydrothiolation

Published on: August 1, 2018

11.1K
Enzymatic Cascade Reactions for the Synthesis of Chiral Amino Alcohols from L-lysine
09:14

Enzymatic Cascade Reactions for the Synthesis of Chiral Amino Alcohols from L-lysine

Published on: February 16, 2018

12.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Synthesis of Hypervalent Iodonium Alkynyl Triflates for the Application of Generating Cyanocarbenes
12:27

Synthesis of Hypervalent Iodonium Alkynyl Triflates for the Application of Generating Cyanocarbenes

Published on: September 8, 2013

11.2K
Constructing Thioether/Vinyl Sulfide-tethered Helical Peptides Via Photo-induced Thiol-ene/yne Hydrothiolation
11:09

Constructing Thioether/Vinyl Sulfide-tethered Helical Peptides Via Photo-induced Thiol-ene/yne Hydrothiolation

Published on: August 1, 2018

11.1K
Enzymatic Cascade Reactions for the Synthesis of Chiral Amino Alcohols from L-lysine
09:14

Enzymatic Cascade Reactions for the Synthesis of Chiral Amino Alcohols from L-lysine

Published on: February 16, 2018

12.6K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Reactive oxidants, like hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN), are vital for studying molecular toxicity mechanisms.
  • HOSCN, a product of heme peroxidases, is unstable and requires in-situ enzymatic synthesis.
  • Existing HOSCN synthesis protocols yield insufficient concentrations for high-density cell cultures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and compare existing HOSCN synthesis protocols.
  • To develop an optimized protocol for higher HOSCN yield and concentration.
  • To provide a detailed, step-by-step guide for HOSCN preparation and measurement.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic classification and comparison of published HOSCN synthesis protocols.
  • Optimization of reagent ratios, incubation times, and temperature for HOSCN preparation.
  • Purification of lactoperoxidase using sequential chromatography (cation exchange, hydrophobic interaction, size exclusion).
  • Enzymatic synthesis of HOSCN from thiocyanate (SCN-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
  • Measurement of synthesized HOSCN concentration.

Main Results:

  • The highest concentration achieved with previously published HOSCN synthesis protocols was approximately 1.9 mM.
  • The developed optimized protocol successfully increased HOSCN yield to 2.9 mM.
  • This represents a 60% improvement in product yield compared to existing methods, facilitating large-scale experiments.

Conclusions:

  • The optimized protocol offers a significant improvement in HOSCN yield, overcoming limitations of previous methods.
  • This enhanced protocol is suitable for large-scale cell-based assays requiring higher oxidant concentrations.
  • The detailed methodology facilitates reproducible HOSCN synthesis for toxicological research.