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Updated: Jan 7, 2026
A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images
Published on: April 21, 2023
Quantitative Ultrasound Grayscale Analysis and Size of Benign and Malignant Solid Thyroid Nodules
Salahaden R Sultan1,2, Faisal Albin Hajji1, Abdulrahman Alhazmi1
1Department of Radiologic Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
Background:
Ultrasound is the primary imaging modality for evaluating thyroid nodules, with echogenicity and nodule size serving as parameters for malignancy risk stratification. Though the TI-RADS classification system is standardized, interpretation varies among observers due to subjectivity, and can affect diagnostic consistency. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic and interobserver agreement of quantitative ultrasound gray-scale analysis and nodule area in differentiating benign from malignant solid thyroid nodules.
Methods:
This retrospective study reviewed 600 patients who underwent thyroid ultrasound at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, in 2023 and 2024. Of these 600, 107 adult patients with 116 solid thyroid nodules (96 benign and 20 malignant) who subsequently underwent ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration were included in the final analysis. From B-mode ultrasound images, the grayscale median (GSM) values of each nodule and adjacent normal thyroid tissue were measured using Adobe Photoshop. The GSM ratio (GSMr) was calculated by dividing nodule GSM by normal tissue GSM. Nodule size, taken as cross-sectional area, was assessed using ImageJ software version 1.53. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare GSMr and the area between benign and malignant nodules. Inter-observer agreement was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).
Results:
Malignant nodules had significantly lower GSMr compared to benign nodules (malignant: median 0.76, IQR 0.27; benign: median 0.88, IQR 0.55, p = 0.02). Malignant nodules were also significantly larger than benign nodules (malignant: median 2.77 cm2, IQR: 5.08; benign: median 1.78 cm2, IQR 1.65, p = 0.02). Inter-observer reproducibility was excellent for both GSMr (ICC = 0.998) and area (ICC = 0.997).
Conclusions:
Quantitative ultrasound assessment of grayscale echogenicity and nodule area provides valuable diagnostic information for differentiating benign from malignant solid thyroid nodules. These objective measures may enhance diagnostic confidence and support more precise clinical decision-making in thyroid nodule evaluation.
