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Exercise-Induced Biomarker Modulation in Sarcopenia: From Inflamm-Aging to Muscle Regeneration
Federica Marmondi1,2, Vittoria Ferrando2,3, Luca Filipas4,5
1Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
Sports (Basel, Switzerland)
|December 24, 2025
Summary
Physical exercise impacts biomarkers for sarcopenia, a muscle-loss condition. Exercise influences inflammatory markers and growth factors, with emerging exerkines showing promise for aging populations.
Area of Science:
- Gerontology
- Exercise Physiology
- Biochemistry
Background:
- Sarcopenia is age-related muscle loss linked to frailty and chronic disease.
- Pathogenesis involves inflammation, hormonal imbalance, and impaired anabolic signaling.
- Biomarkers are crucial for sarcopenia diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring interventions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on exercise's impact on sarcopenia biomarkers.
- To analyze exercise-induced changes in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers.
- To explore the role of emerging exerkines in combating age-related muscle decline.
Main Methods:
- Systematic review of RCTs.
- Analysis of exercise effects on cytokines (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10).
- Evaluation of growth factors (e.g., IGF-1, myostatin) and exerkines (e.g., irisin, BDNF).
Main Results:
- Exercise modulates pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers, supporting muscle anabolism.
- Growth factors and emerging exerkines show potential in improving mitochondrial health and muscle regeneration.
- Biomarker responses are heterogeneous, indicating a need for personalized approaches.
Conclusions:
- Exercise interventions can positively influence sarcopenia-related biomarkers.
- Emerging exerkines offer novel therapeutic targets for age-related muscle loss.
- Integrating biomarker profiling with exercise prescription can advance precision medicine for sarcopenia.
