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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Milton Guilherme Forestieri Fernandes1, Maxime Pinard2, Esen Sokullu2

  • 1Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Blood tests for specific Neuroligin (NLGN) fragments show elevated levels in early Alzheimer's disease (AD) stages. These findings suggest NLGN fragments could be valuable biomarkers for early AD detection and screening.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomarker Discovery
  • Neurodegenerative Diseases

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis often occurs after significant neurodegeneration.
  • Early detection is crucial for effective treatment of AD.
  • Synaptic proteins like Neuroligin (NLGN) are affected early in AD, with fragments detectable in blood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate Neuroligin (NLGN) fragments as potential blood-based biomarkers for early-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Main Methods:

  • Blood samples were collected from individuals across the AD spectrum (preclinical, prodromal, early AD, healthy controls).
  • Multiplexing and high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry were used to quantify NLGN fragments.
  • Statistical analyses correlated NLGN fragment levels with established AD indicators (pTau, hippocampal volume, MMSE).

Main Results:

  • Elevated levels of specific NLGN fragments were found in individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and early AD.
  • NLGN fragment levels positively correlated with plasma phosphorylated Tau (pTau).
  • In aMCI and early AD groups, NLGN fragments inversely correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores and hippocampal volume.

Conclusions:

  • Blood detection of synaptic protein changes, specifically NLGN fragments, aids early AD diagnosis.
  • Elevated NLGN fragments in prodromal and early AD correlate with disease indicators like pTau.
  • NLGN fragments show promise as a primary care screening tool and part of an early AD biomarker panel.