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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Suzie Kamps1

  • 1Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Repetitive head impacts from sports may lead to enlarged perivascular spaces (ePVS), potentially indicating impaired brain clearance and increased neurodegeneration risk. This study investigates ePVS as a biomarker for athletes exposed to RHI.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Radiology
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Repetitive head impacts (RHI) in contact sports are linked to neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Impaired brain clearance mechanisms, particularly in the perivascular transport system, are hypothesized to contribute to tau protein accumulation and dementia.
  • Enlarged perivascular spaces (ePVS) may serve as an indicator of impaired perivascular clearance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify perivascular space (PVS) volumes in individuals exposed to RHI.
  • To investigate the association between RHI exposure and enlarged PVS (ePVS).
  • To cross-validate findings in two independent cohorts.

Main Methods:

  • Inclusion of participants from the NEwTON (Amsterdam) and SAVE-HI (Boston) cohorts with RHI exposure and healthy controls.

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  • Structural 3D brain MRI to calculate white matter PVS volumes.
  • Statistical analyses (ANOVA, regression models) to assess differences and associations, with sensitivity analyses for amyloid positivity (plasma p-tau217).

    • Main Results:

    • Expected findings indicate larger PVS volumes in RHI-exposed individuals compared to controls.
    • PVS volume is anticipated to correlate with duration of RHI exposure and poorer neurocognitive and sleep outcomes.
    • Stronger associations are predicted in amyloid-positive individuals.

    Conclusions:

    • Enlarged perivascular spaces (ePVS) may serve as an accessible biomarker for RHI exposure.
    • Identifying ePVS can help recognize individuals at risk for neurodegeneration after contact sports participation.