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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Qianhua Zhao1,2,3,4,5, Yuzhuo Wang4, Xiaoxi Ma4,6,7

  • 1Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) is linked to a higher risk of dementia over 12 years. This association is largely independent of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, suggesting RNFL thickness is a significant dementia risk factor.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning is associated with cognitive decline.
  • The link between RNFL thickness, long-term dementia risk, and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between macular RNFL (mRNFL) thickness and the risk of developing dementia.
  • To explore the role of APOE genotype in this relationship.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study using UK Biobank data (N=35,433) with up to 12.49 years of follow-up.
  • Analysis of macular RNFL (mRNFL) thickness and APOE genotype using regression and mediation analyses.
  • Inverse probability weighting (IPW) used to adjust for confounding factors.

Main Results:

  • Lower mRNFL thickness was significantly associated with an increased risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
  • Each 5-μm decrease in mRNFL thickness increased dementia risk by 15%.
  • The association between mRNFL thickness and dementia risk was largely independent of APOE genotype.

Conclusions:

  • RNFL thinning is a significant predictor of increased dementia risk over a 12-year period.
  • The observed association between RNFL thickness and dementia risk is primarily independent of APOE genotype.