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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Jenna R Groh1, Annalise E Miner1, Chad William Farris1,2

  • 1Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston, MA, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Repetitive head impacts (RHI) may cause a distinct pattern of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in former football players. Neuropathology confirms RHI-WMH co-localize with CTE-related damage in the brain.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroimaging
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative tauopathy linked to repetitive head impacts (RHI).
  • RHI is associated with increased risk of white matter and vascular injury later in life.
  • A unique pattern of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) near sulci depths (RHI-WMH) has been observed in individuals with RHI history.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To empirically characterize the RHI-WMH pattern in former American football players.
  • To investigate the neuropathology co-localizing with these RHI-WMH lesions.

Main Methods:

  • 164 male former football players and 55 controls underwent MRI for WMH assessment.
  • WMH lesions were visually rated based on location, brightness, shape, and size.
  • One case with typical RHI-WMH underwent ex vivo MRI and neuropathological examination, including immunostaining for tau, astrocytes, and microglia.

Main Results:

  • Former football players exhibited a significantly greater number of RHI-WMH compared to controls.
  • Professional players showed more RHI-WMH than controls, but not significantly more than college players.
  • Neuropathology revealed RHI-WMH adjacent to CTE tau pathology, with myelin pallor, glial scarring, and increased microglia.

Conclusions:

  • Empirical evidence supports RHI exposure leading to a unique WMH pattern.
  • Histopathological findings demonstrate RHI-WMH co-localization with RHI and CTE-related neuropathologies.