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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Patrick J Lao1,2, Anna C Smith1, Natalie C Edwards1

  • 1Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Some adults with Down syndrome (DS) resist Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers. Older DS individuals who remain cognitively stable show lower amyloid and white matter hyperintensity (WMH), while those with low amyloid have reduced tau and microbleeds.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Genetics and Aging
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • The Alzheimer's Association Research Framework posits all adults with Down syndrome (DS) develop Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • However, some older adults with DS do not exhibit AD biomarkers or cognitive decline, despite genetic predisposition.
  • This study investigates cerebrovascular and tau burden in DS individuals with lower-than-expected amyloid levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore differences in tau and cerebrovascular disease burden among older adults with Down syndrome.
  • To identify factors contributing to variability in AD biomarker development within the DS population.
  • To compare biomarker profiles in cognitively stable DS individuals and those with lower amyloid accumulation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from 259 adults with DS from the Alzheimer's Biomarker Consortium-Down syndrome (ABC-DS) study.
  • Assessed participants using vascular MRI (WMH, PVS, infarcts, microbleeds), amyloid PET, and tau PET.
  • Categorized individuals based on cognitive stability, age relative to AD onset, and amyloid PET residuals.

Main Results:

  • Cognitively stable older adults with DS had lower amyloid and posterior white matter hyperintensity (WMH).
  • Individuals with amyloid levels in the lowest 5th percentile showed reduced tau accumulation and fewer microbleeds.
  • Age-related cognitive stability in DS is associated with distinct patterns of AD biomarkers and cerebrovascular changes.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive stability in older adults with DS is linked to lower amyloid and posterior WMH.
  • Sustained low amyloid levels in older DS individuals correlate with reduced tau pathology and microbleeds.
  • Further research is needed to uncover protective factors influencing biomarker and clinical variability in DS.