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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Jolien van der Velden1, Aurore Delvenne2, Stephanie J B Vos2

  • 1Alzheimer Center Limburg, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Limburg, Netherlands.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cognitive resilience to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is linked to unique protein profiles. These profiles differ based on amyloid-beta and tau pathology, revealing distinct biological pathways contributing to brain health despite AD markers.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Proteomics
  • Alzheimer's Disease Research

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology affects many, yet a subset of individuals remain cognitively healthy, exhibiting resilience.
  • The underlying neurobiological mechanisms of this resilience are largely unknown and crucial for developing preventive strategies.
  • Investigating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteomics offers a window into the pathophysiology of AD resilience.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the proteomic differences associated with cognitive resilience in individuals with AD pathology.
  • To identify specific biological pathways linked to resilience, considering varying levels of amyloid-beta and tau pathology.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized CSF proteomic data from 355 participants across three cohorts.
  • Defined resilience as cognitively healthy status with abnormal amyloid-beta (A+) and varying phosphorylated tau181 (T-/+) levels.
  • Employed tandem mass tag spectrometry and ANOVA to compare protein concentrations between resilient and non-resilient groups.

Main Results:

  • Resilient individuals with amyloid-beta but no tau pathology (A+T-) showed upregulated proteins linked to nervous system development and amyloid fibril formation.
  • Downregulated proteins in A+T- resilient individuals were associated with the innate immune system and hemostasis.
  • Resilient individuals with both amyloid-beta and tau pathology (A+T+) displayed upregulated proteins related to oxidative stress and synaptic processes.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive resilience to AD is characterized by distinct proteomic profiles and biological pathways.
  • These pathways differ based on the presence or absence of tau pathology.
  • Understanding these unique mechanisms offers potential targets for interventions to promote brain health and prevent cognitive decline in AD.