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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
07:20

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Biomarkers.

Chad William Farris1,2,3,4, Shruti Durape1,2,4,5, Rebecca Burton4

  • 1Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston, MA, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is linked to reduced brain volumes, especially in females. This study found TBI was associated with smaller hippocampal, frontal gray matter, and total cerebral gray matter volumes in women, but not men.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroimaging
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Reductions in MRI brain volumes post-traumatic brain injury (TBI) are documented but lack diverse samples and sex-specific analyses.
  • Previous studies exhibit variability in affected brain regions and have not sufficiently explored sex differences in TBI-related brain atrophy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between a history of TBI and brain volumes in a community-based cohort.
  • To examine sex differences in TBI-related brain volume reductions using MRI.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional analysis of the Framingham Heart Study Generation-2 cohort, matching TBI participants (n=159) with controls (n=636) on age and sex.
  • MRI volumetric analysis assessed supratentorial structures, including hippocampi and gray/white matter volumes in different lobes.
  • Statistical analyses adjusted for covariates and included sex-stratified comparisons with false discovery rate correction.

Main Results:

  • Participants with TBI history showed significantly smaller hippocampal volumes compared to controls.
  • A trend towards smaller frontal gray matter volume was observed in the TBI group.
  • Sex-stratified analyses revealed TBI was significantly associated with smaller hippocampal, frontal gray matter, and total cerebral gray matter volumes in females, but not males.

Conclusions:

  • Traumatic brain injury is associated with reduced brain volumes in older adults, with notable sex differences.
  • Females with a TBI history exhibited greater atrophy in hippocampal, frontal gray matter, and total cerebral gray matter volumes compared to males.
  • These findings suggest sex may influence the risk of later-life brain atrophy following TBI, particularly in regions relevant to dementia.