Physics-constrained reconstruction for super-resolution ptychographic structured modulation microscopy

Conventional optical microscopy is diffraction-limited, measuring only the optical-field intensity while discarding the phase information essential for quantitative imaging. Ptychographic structured modulation extends spatial-frequency support via diffuser modulation but suffers from degradation under misalignment, noise, and weak priors. We present a physics-constrained inversion framework that unifies diffuser modulation and coherent propagation within a single forward model, enforcing amplitude-residual fidelity with anisotropic complex regularization for stable convergence. Simulations and experiments confirm robustness to lateral misregistration and additive Gaussian noise, sustaining reconstruction fidelity under ~61% sampling reduction. The proposed framework delivers a 1.26× enhancement in spatial resolution relative to ePIE and surpasses the diffraction limit of a 0.10-NA objective by a factor of 2.16, reconstructing sharper cellular structures with fewer artifacts.