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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Alcibiades E Villarreal1,2, Giselle Rangel1,2, Adam E Tratner3

  • 1Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), Panamá, Panamá, Panama.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The apolipoprotein E ε4 allele increases cognitive decline risk in Panamanians. This genetic factor, along with demographics, is crucial for understanding cognitive impairment variations in older adults.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype is a known Alzheimer's disease risk factor.
  • Investigating APOE's role in cognitive aging among Hispanic populations is crucial.
  • The PARI-HD program aims to identify biomarkers for cognitive impairment in Panamanian elders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the association between APOE genotype and cognitive aging in Panamanian Hispanics.
  • To assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of biomarkers for Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and Parkinson's Disease (PD).

Main Methods:

  • 725 participants were categorized into outpatient and community cohorts.
  • Comprehensive neuropsychological assessments, demographic data, and functional status were collected.
  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), MRI, and blood samples were analyzed for biomarker evaluation.

Main Results:

  • APOE ε4 allele frequency was higher in the outpatient cohort (32.3%) than the community cohort (23.8%).
  • APOE ε4 status significantly predicted cognitive impairment.
  • Carrying an APOE ε4 allele correlated with poorer attention performance in the outpatient group.

Conclusions:

  • APOE ε4 is a risk factor for cognitive deterioration in the Panamanian population.
  • Genetic and demographic factors are key to understanding cognitive impairment heterogeneity.
  • This study pioneers CSF protein analysis and MRI techniques for MCI, PD, and AD in Hispanic/Latino elders in Panama.