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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Biomarkers.

Mouhsin Shafi1

  • 1Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New TMS-EEG methods reveal localized brain hyper-excitability in Alzheimer's disease (AD) default mode network (DMN) regions. This network-specific dysfunction predicts cognitive decline and links brain structure to cognition in early AD.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by neural hyper-excitability and network dysfunction in animal models.
  • The presence and clinical relevance of these neurophysiological changes in human AD are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neurophysiological basis of default mode network (DMN) dysfunction in early AD using a novel perturbation-based approach.
  • To identify network-specific alterations in brain activity and connectivity.

Main Methods:

  • Combined transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) with resting-state EEG (rsEEG).
  • Assessed neural excitability and network connectivity within the DMN.
  • Correlated neurophysiological findings with cognitive function and brain structure.

Main Results:

  • rsEEG showed global neural slowing and disrupted synchrony, lacking network specificity.
  • TMS-EEG identified localized hyper-excitability in the parietal DMN and disrupted connectivity with frontal DMN regions.
  • Network-specific TMS-EEG measures uniquely predicted cognitive impairments and mediated the relationship between brain integrity and cognition.

Conclusions:

  • Network-specific neurophysiological disruptions significantly contribute to cognitive dysfunction in AD.
  • Perturbation-based assessments using TMS-EEG show potential as early detection markers for AD.
  • These methods may aid in monitoring disease progression and evaluating therapeutic interventions targeting neurophysiology in AD.