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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

William Robert Kwapong1, Liyong Wu2,3, Min Chu3

  • 1Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, Beijing, China.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) and typical Alzheimer's disease (tAD) show increased ocular vascular tortuosity and reduced branching complexity compared to controls. PCA exhibits more tortuous and sparser ocular vasculature than tAD, suggesting potential for ocular imaging in Alzheimer's disease detection.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurology
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents with diverse phenotypes, including typical AD (tAD) and posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), with unclear differences in vascular changes.
  • Retinal microvasculature shares similarities with cerebral microcirculation, making ocular vascular assessment a potential surrogate for studying AD-related brain changes.
  • PCA, a variant of AD, often involves visual dysfunction and may have distinct vascular pathology compared to tAD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare ocular vascular changes between PCA and tAD phenotypes.
  • To investigate ocular vascular morphology as a potential biomarker for differentiating AD subtypes.
  • To explore the relationship between ocular microvascular alterations and neurodegeneration in AD.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective recruitment of AD patients (Aß positive) and cognitively unimpaired (CU) controls (Aß negative).
  • Comprehensive assessments including neuropsychological testing, neuroimaging, and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).
  • Quantification of vessel tortuosity and branching complexity in the optic nerve head (ONH) and macula using automated OCTA algorithms.

Main Results:

  • Both PCA and tAD groups exhibited significantly increased vascular tortuosity and decreased branching complexity in the ONH and macula compared to CU controls.
  • PCA demonstrated significantly greater vascular tortuosity and less complex branching in the ONH and macula compared to tAD.
  • A significant correlation was found between ONH vascular changes and medial temporal lobe atrophy in both PCA and tAD groups.

Conclusions:

  • Ocular microvasculature in PCA is characterized by increased tortuosity and sparseness compared to tAD.
  • Ocular imaging techniques, such as OCTA, show promise for detecting microvascular alterations associated with PCA and tAD.
  • These findings highlight the potential of non-invasive ocular assessments for understanding and potentially diagnosing different AD phenotypes.