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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies

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Published on: January 28, 2014

Biomarkers.

Alaa Harb¹, Juliana Nery Souza-Talarico², Yelena Perkhounkova¹

¹University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association

|December 24, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Cumulative biological stress (allostatic load) biomarkers change differently across Alzheimer's Disease (AD) progression. Specific neuroendocrine and inflammatory markers like cortisol and IL-18 are linked to cognitive decline and AD.

Keywords:

Allostatic Load Alzheimer's Disease Inflammatory Biomarkers Neuroendocrine Biomarkers.Mild Cognitive Impairment

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Gerontology
Biomarker Research

Background:

Allostatic load (AL) quantifies cumulative biological stress.
AL may increase Alzheimer's Disease (AD) risk.
AL biomarker patterns may shift during cognitive decline from cognitively unimpaired (CU) to Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and AD.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate longitudinal changes in AL biomarkers.
Analyze AL biomarker patterns in CU, MCI, and AD individuals.
Determine associations between AL biomarker changes and AD progression.

Main Methods:

Utilized the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database.
Analyzed AL biomarker changes over 24 months in CU, MCI, and AD groups.
Calculated mean Allostatic Load Index (ALI) and standard deviations.

Main Results:

Baseline ALI was similar across all cognitive groups.
Significant longitudinal changes observed in neuroendocrine biomarkers (Cortisol, Prolactin, LH, Testosterone).
Inflammatory biomarkers (IL-18, TNF-α, IL-6R, MCP-3) showed distinct patterns across cognitive groups, with higher levels in AD.

Conclusions:

Longitudinal AL biomarker changes, especially Cortisol, Prolactin, IL-18, and TNF-α, correlate with cognitive decline and AD progression.
Future research should focus on identifying AL biomarker clusters associated with cognitive decline across the AD continuum.