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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Madison Shyer1, Kristofer Harris2, Dulin Wang1

  • 1UTHealth Houston, Houston, TX, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rapid progressors (RPs) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) trials show distinct clinical and biomarker differences compared to slow progressors (SPs). Understanding these variations is crucial for optimizing clinical trial design and therapeutic strategies for AD.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Clinical Trials
  • Biomarkers

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) clinical trials reveal heterogeneous patient progression, categorizing individuals into slow progressors (SPs) and rapid progressors (RPs).
  • Understanding the distinct characteristics of RPs and SPs is essential for interpreting clinical trial outcomes, evaluating drug efficacy, and informing caregiving strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the clinical, biochemical, and imaging differences between rapid progressors (RPs) and slow progressors (SPs) in Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • To identify factors influencing AD progression patterns and their implications for clinical trial design.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized deidentified data from the placebo arm of the EXPEDITION 1 randomized control trial to define RPs (MMSE decline >10 points) and SPs (no MMSE decline from screening to week 80).
  • Assessed demographic, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), MRI, and PET scan variables for statistically significant differences between RPs and SPs.

Main Results:

  • Included 142 patients: 33 RPs (23.2%) and 109 SPs (76.7%).
  • Significant differences observed in BMI, use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, baseline MMSE, baseline plasma amyloid beta 42, baseline amyloid PET SUVr, baseline whole brain volume, and week 80 whole brain atrophy.
  • RPs showed greater MMSE decline (-15.2), higher CSF pTAU (12.7), reduced hippocampal volume (-72), and increased whole brain atrophy (14.8) at week 80 compared to SPs.

Conclusions:

  • This study highlights significant clinical, imaging, and biochemical disparities between RPs and SPs in AD.
  • These findings underscore the necessity of personalized approaches in clinical trials to accommodate diverse AD progression rates.