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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Taylor J Pedersen1, Austin A McCullough1, Ruijin Lu2

  • 1Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Objective electroencephalography (EEG) measures reliably track sleep changes in older adults, aiding Alzheimer disease (AD) research. Spectral power measures are most reliable for longitudinal studies investigating sleep and AD pathology.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Sleep Medicine

Background:

  • Sleep disturbances are linked to Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology and cognitive decline.
  • Longitudinal studies correlating sleep, AD biomarkers, and cognition are scarce.
  • Understanding sleep changes in aging is crucial for AD research design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the longitudinal reliability of various sleep measures in older adults with and without amyloid positivity.
  • To determine the most reliable sleep metrics for future aging and AD research.
  • To inform sample size calculations for longitudinal observational studies.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal sleep assessment using self-reports and at-home electroencephalography (EEG) over ~3.5 years.
  • Amyloid PET imaging and cognitive assessments were conducted longitudinally.
  • Test-retest reliability (ICC) and power analysis were used to evaluate sleep metrics.

Main Results:

  • EEG-derived spectral power demonstrated the highest test-retest reliability, followed by sleep staging and duration.
  • Self-reported sleep measures showed lower reliability compared to objective EEG measures.
  • Spectral power measures require smaller sample sizes for detecting longitudinal changes.

Conclusions:

  • Objective EEG measures, particularly spectral power, are highly reliable for tracking sleep changes in older adults.
  • These findings are vital for designing future longitudinal studies on sleep and Alzheimer disease.
  • Reliable sleep metrics enhance the power of studies investigating the relationship between sleep and AD progression.