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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Alexis B Kazen1, Laura Glass Umfleet1, Fatima A Aboulalazm1

  • 1Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alterations in the gut microbiome, including bacteria and viruses, are linked to cognitive decline and cerebrovascular changes in mild cognitive impairment. Specific gut microbes and phages correlate with brain function and health.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Microbiology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with gut dysbiosis and cerebrovascular disease, but their interaction is not fully understood.
  • Investigating the gut microbiota's role in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is crucial for understanding AD pathophysiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the relationship between gut microbiota composition, cerebrovascular function, and cognitive status in individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI).
  • To compare gut microbiota profiles and cerebrovascular metrics between aMCI patients and cognitively unimpaired controls.

Main Methods:

  • 14 aMCI patients and 10 controls provided fecal samples for 16S and shotgun metagenomics sequencing.
  • Cerebral vascular reactivity (CVR), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and arterial transit time (ATT) were assessed using MRI.
  • Spearman correlation analysis examined links between microbial taxa, cerebrovascular metrics, and cognitive scores.

Main Results:

  • Distinct bacterial and viral taxa differentiated aMCI patients from controls.
  • Pro-inflammatory gut bacteria negatively correlated with cognition and cerebrovascular function; beneficial bacteria showed positive associations.
  • Specific microbes like Alistipes indistinctus and Bilophila wadsworthia, and a B. wadsworthia phage, were linked to poorer cognitive and cerebrovascular outcomes in aMCI.

Conclusions:

  • Individuals with aMCI exhibit altered gut microbiomes compared to controls.
  • Both bacterial and viral gut microbes are significantly associated with cognitive and neurovascular function in aMCI.
  • Understanding these gut-brain-vasculature axis interactions can inform future research on MCI and AD.