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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
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Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:27

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Changes in polymorphic forms can significantly influence the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Although the FDA defines pharmaceutical equivalence based on having the same active ingredient, dosage form, and route of administration, it does not automatically disqualify products with different polymorphic forms. This means two products with different polymorphs can still be deemed pharmaceutically equivalent. However, polymorphic differences can affect properties like wettability,...
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Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Production of Near-Infrared Sensitive, Core-Shell Vaccine Delivery Platform
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A Non-Antigenic Randomized Polyethylene Glycol/Poly(2-Phenyl-2-Oxazine)-Based Drug Delivery Platform.

Julian Schmidt1, Anna-Lena Ziegler2, Florian T Kaps2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.

Macromolecular Rapid Communications
|December 24, 2025
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Summary

Randomized polyethylene glycol (rPEG) offers a non-antigenic alternative to traditional PEG in nanomedicine. This new material forms polymeric micelles with high drug loading capacity and reduced antibody response, improving nanomedicine safety and efficacy.

Keywords:
ABA‐triblock copolymerPEG‐alternativesPOx/POzianti‐PEG antibodiesdrug deliverypolymeric micellesrPEG

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Area of Science:

  • Nanomedicine
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Biomaterials Science

Background:

  • Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is crucial in nanomedicine for its stealth properties, but anti-PEG antibodies (APAs) limit its use.
  • The development of PEG alternatives is essential to overcome immunogenicity issues and ensure nanomedicine safety and efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize a novel non-antigenic polymeric micelle platform using randomized PEG (rPEG) and poly(2-phenyl-2-oxazine) (PPheOzi).
  • To evaluate the drug loading capacity and preclinical safety profile of the rPEG-based micelles.
  • To assess the reduced antigenicity of rPEG compared to conventional PEG.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of rPEG and PPheOzi via ring-opening polymerization.
  • Assembly of ABA-type triblock copolymers (rPEG-b-PPheOzi-b-rPEG) and characterization of polymeric micelles (PMs).
  • Drug loading studies with Efavirenz and preclinical safety assessments using cell lines and PBMCs.
  • Evaluation of APA binding affinity using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).

Main Results:

  • Polymeric micelles formed with rPEG and PPheOzi demonstrated tunable drug loading capacities for Efavirenz.
  • Preclinical safety assessments showed no significant toxicity in murine fibroblasts and human PBMCs.
  • Competitive ELISA revealed significantly reduced APA affinity for rPEG compared to PEG.

Conclusions:

  • The combination of rPEG and PPheOzi creates a non-antigenic micellar platform with high drug loading capabilities.
  • This novel platform addresses the limitations of PEG immunogenicity, offering a safer alternative for nanomedicine applications.
  • rPEG-based micelles show promise for improving the safety and efficacy of drug delivery systems.