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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Agustin Ibanez1,2,3, Joaquín Migeot2

  • 1Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
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Summary

The social exposome, encompassing lifelong socioeconomic and health disparities, significantly impacts brain health and dementia risk. Cumulative adverse exposures predict cognitive decline and brain changes, especially in Latin America.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Public Health
  • Social Epidemiology

Background:

  • The social exposome, a multidimensional concept of socioeconomic and health disparities across the lifespan, is increasingly recognized for its influence on health outcomes.
  • While the impact of low education and socioeconomic status (SES) on dementia is established, the comprehensive effects of the multidimensional social exposome on brain health remain under-explored, particularly in vulnerable populations like those in Latin America.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between the multidimensional social exposome and brain health outcomes, including healthy aging and dementia (Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration).
  • To identify key components of the social exposome that predict cognitive function, functional ability, and brain structure/connectivity.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study of 2,211 individuals in Latin America, including healthy controls, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) patients.
  • Extensive assessment of multidimensional social exposome factors across the lifespan (education, nutrition, financial status, healthcare access, childhood experiences, trauma, etc.).
  • Structural equation modeling to analyze the cumulative effects of the social exposome on cognitive and clinical phenotypes, and brain imaging (structural and connectivity) analyses.

Main Results:

  • Cumulative social exposome significantly associated with poorer cognition in healthy aging, primarily driven by education and SES.
  • In dementia groups, a more adverse social exposome correlated with lower cognitive and functional abilities and increased neuropsychiatric symptoms.
  • Brain structural and connectivity alterations were linked to adverse social exposome in dementia-vulnerable regions, including frontal, cerebellar, and fronto-temporo-limbic areas.

Conclusions:

  • The multidimensional social exposome exerts a substantial impact on brain health, influencing both healthy aging and dementia.
  • Cumulative adverse social exposures are robust predictors of cognitive and clinical outcomes and associated brain alterations.
  • Findings highlight the need for personalized models of biological-environmental interactions and targeted prevention strategies for underserved populations facing social disparities.