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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Ted K S Ng1, Todd Beck1, Patricia A Boyle2

  • 1Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Chicago, IL, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The presence of the APOE4 gene variant accelerates cognitive decline in older adults with elevated neurodegenerative biomarkers. This genetic susceptibility, combined with higher levels of total tau, NfL, and GFAP, indicates a faster rate of cognitive impairment.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Population-based data on APOE4's effect on cognitive decline in non-demented older adults with high neurodegeneration are limited.
  • Understanding genetic predispositions like APOE4 is crucial for predicting cognitive trajectories.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if APOE4 carrier status modifies the association between serum neurodegenerative biomarkers and cognitive decline.
  • To examine the combined impact of genetic factors and biomarkers on cognitive aging in a diverse cohort.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 1,038 community-dwelling older adults from the Chicago Health and Aging Project (CHAP) cohort.
  • Utilized mixed-effects regression to assess the interaction between APOE4 status and biomarkers (t-tau, NfL, GFAP) on global cognitive decline.
  • Adjusted for demographic factors and chronic health conditions in a prospective, biracial cohort study.

Main Results:

  • Higher levels of total tau (t-tau), neurofilament light (NfL), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were linked to faster cognitive decline in APOE4 carriers compared to non-carriers.
  • Specifically, elevated t-tau and GFAP accelerated cognitive decline rates in APOE4 carriers.
  • APOE4 carriers with higher NfL levels also exhibited accelerated cognitive decline.

Conclusions:

  • Elevated neurodegeneration, axonal injury, and neuroinflammation markers (t-tau, NfL, GFAP) exacerbate cognitive decline in APOE4 carriers.
  • Findings underscore the detrimental role of APOE4 in neurodegenerative processes.
  • Emphasizes the need for including APOE4 status in research and clinical trials for neurodegenerative diseases.