Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

11.6K
When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
11.6K
Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

524
The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
524
Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis01:23

Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis

676
Cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disorder, significantly affects the function of exocrine glands. This genetically inherited disease is characterized by the production of thick and sticky mucus, which can severely affect various organs and systems in the body.
CF is primarily caused by a genetic mutation in a chromosome 7 gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. The most common gene mutation leading to CF is the ΔF508 mutation,...
676
Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology01:29

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

2.5K
The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:
2.5K
Stages of Infection01:26

Stages of Infection

64.7K
Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
64.7K
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

2.6K
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
2.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A Genome-wide Association Study of Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia in a Large Multi-ancestry Military Cohort Identifies Many New Dementia-Associated Loci.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
Same author

Blood-based DNA methylation and exposure risk scores predict PTSD with high accuracy in military and civilian cohorts.

Research square·2024
Same author

African ancestry GWAS of dementia in a large military cohort identifies significant risk loci.

Molecular psychiatry·2022
Same author

Evaluation of independent self-collected blood specimens for COVID-19 antibody detection among the US veteran population.

Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease·2022
Same author

Large-scale genome-wide association study of coronary artery disease in genetically diverse populations.

Nature medicine·2022
Same author

Egg consumption and risk of acute stroke in the Million Veteran Program.

Clinical nutrition ESPEN·2022
Same journal

Unveiling the procoagulant state in Alzheimer's disease: A novel PET imaging strategy.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Estimated labor market outcomes of people progressing from preclinical to early-stage Alzheimer's disease in the United States.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Amyloid exacerbates tau and alpha-synuclein pathologies, behavioral impairments, and neuroinflammation in a mixed dementia model.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Multimorbidity burden and patterns associated with DeepBrainNet-derived brain-age gap in dementia-free older adults: A community-based study.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Reply to "Shifting the emphasis of brain health literacy from individuals to systems to reduce inequalities".

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Shifting the emphasis of brain health literacy from individuals to systems to reduce inequalities.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses
09:07

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses

Published on: June 14, 2020

11.5K

Basic Science and Pathogenesis.

Mark W Logue1,2, Rui Zhang2, Mark Miller2

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) significantly increase Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) risk, especially with APOE-ε4. Gene-environment interactions show additive effects, highlighting the need for combined genetic and comorbidity assessments for dementia risk.

More Related Videos

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia
13:45

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia

Published on: September 21, 2019

6.0K
Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses
08:38

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

Published on: February 22, 2019

6.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses
09:07

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses

Published on: June 14, 2020

11.5K
A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia
13:45

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia

Published on: September 21, 2019

6.0K
Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses
08:38

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

Published on: February 22, 2019

6.3K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) like peripheral artery disease (PAD) and coronary artery disease (CAD) are established risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD).
  • The APOE-ε4 variant, a major genetic risk factor for AD, is associated with increased cholesterol and triglyceride levels, further elevating cardiovascular disease risk.
  • This study investigates the combined impact of APOE-ε4 and CVDs on ADRD prevalence within the US Department of Veterans Affairs' Million Veteran Program (MVP).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the interactive effects of APOE-ε4 genotype with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) on the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD).
  • To assess gene-by-environment (GxE) interactions between APOE-ε4 and a spectrum of CVDs (PAD, CAD, myocardial infarction, hypertension, hyperlipidemia) in relation to ADRD.
  • To provide a more interpretable measure of interaction using additive-scale metrics (Relative Excess Risk due to Interaction - RERI).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a large cohort of European ancestry MVP participants (n=11,112 ADRD cases, 170,361 controls) aged 65+ with genotype data.
  • Performed cross-sectional logistic regression analyses using the GEM software package to test for GxE interactions.
  • Employed validated algorithms for identifying ADRD, myocardial infarction (MI), PAD, CAD, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia using ICD codes and Phecodes.

Main Results:

  • CVDs demonstrated significant main-effect associations with ADRD (ORs 1.55-1.82, p < 10^99).
  • Both omnibus and individual CVD interaction terms revealed significant GxE interactions between APOE-ε4 and CVDs (p-values as low as 7x10^-8).
  • RERI estimates confirmed significant positive additive-scale interactions, indicating that the combined risk of APOE-ε4 and CVDs for ADRD is greater than the sum of their individual risks.

Conclusions:

  • Additive-scale interactions between APOE-ε4 and CVDs provide a more direct interpretation of their combined effect on ADRD prevalence.
  • ADRD prevalence increases with the number of inherited APOE-ε4 alleles in individuals with cardiovascular disease.
  • Integrating genetic information (APOE-ε4) with health comorbidity data (CVDs) can enhance dementia risk assessment accuracy, particularly in veteran populations.