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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Bruna Berribilli Bortoleto1, Tamires Alves Sarno2, Leda Leme Talib3

  • 1Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine University of São Paulo, São paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Individuals with Down syndrome and cognitive decline show elevated phosphatidylcholine levels (PC42:0 and PC42:1) in plasma. These findings suggest potential biomarkers for differentiating dementia progression in Down syndrome from Alzheimer's disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Down syndrome (DS) individuals exhibit accelerated aging and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) due to APP gene trisomy on chromosome 21.
  • APP gene overexpression in DS leads to beta-amyloid plaque formation, a hallmark of AD.
  • Altered lipidomics, particularly plasma lipid metabolites, are observed in AD patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate phosphatidylcholine as a potential biomarker for AD-related dementia in individuals with Down syndrome.
  • To investigate differences in plasma phosphatidylcholine profiles between DS with cognitive decline, AD, and healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • Lipidomic analysis of 47 plasma samples using High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS).
  • Samples included individuals with AD, DS with cognitive decline (DScd), DS without cognitive decline, and cognitively healthy controls (elderly and young).
  • Statistical analyses included Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), and Kruskal-Wallis tests.

Main Results:

  • 64 plasma phosphatidylcholines were identified; PCA indicated significant variance explained by PC1 (51.7%) and PC2 (16.2%).
  • LDA successfully discriminated between groups based on phosphatidylcholine levels.
  • PC 42:0 and PC 42:1 were significantly elevated in DScd individuals compared to euploid controls (p < 0.040 and p < 0.009, respectively).

Conclusions:

  • DScd individuals exhibit elevated plasma PC42:0 and PC42:1 compared to cognitively healthy controls.
  • These specific phosphatidylcholines may represent a distinct lipidomic profile.
  • This profile could serve as a biomarker to differentiate dementia progression in DS from AD.