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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
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Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Binyin Li1, Junfang Zhang2

  • 1Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, Shanghai, China.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) shows varied free water fraction (FWF) changes, linked to amyloid and tau pathology. These FWF patterns reveal distinct disease subtypes and progression, impacting cognitive function.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neuropathology
  • Alzheimer's Disease Research

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents heterogeneous pathological changes, including amyloid-beta (Aβ), tau, and structural alterations.
  • Investigating juxtacortical free water fraction (FWF) offers insights into AD's complex pathophysiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate juxtacortical FWF in AD using MRI and PET.
  • To correlate FWF with neuropathological severity and explore its spatiotemporal patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective study of 198 AD patients and 161 controls using diffusion MRI and PET scans.
  • Measured FWF, diffusion tensor imaging along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS), cortical thickness, and hippocampus volume.
  • Utilized machine learning (SuStaIn) to model FWF changes and correlated findings with Aβ and tau deposition.

Main Results:

  • AD patients showed significantly increased FWF compared to controls, correlating with Aβ, tau, and cortical thinning.
  • Two distinct FWF change subtypes (Orbitofrontal-first, Precuneus-first) were identified, differing in hippocampus volume and DTI-ALPS index.
  • Increased SuStaIn stage correlated with worse cognitive performance (MMSE) and biomarker deposition.

Conclusions:

  • Juxtacortical FWF changes display diverse spatiotemporal patterns in AD progression.
  • FWF alterations are a coexisting pathophysiological feature alongside amyloid deposition in AD pathogenesis.
  • These findings highlight FWF as a potential imaging biomarker for AD subtypes and progression.