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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Aaron Burberry1, Mark J Lowe2, Wanyong Shin2

  • 1Case Western Reserve Univeristy, Cleveland, OH, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sex-specific immune cell signatures in Alzheimer's disease (AD) peripheral blood show promise as early biomarkers. These immune changes correlate with blood-brain barrier permeability and cognitive function, offering new diagnostic and therapeutic avenues.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Biomarker Discovery
  • Alzheimer's Disease Research

Background:

  • Immune system alterations are linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression and outcomes.
  • Current blood-based biomarkers for AD are limited by high variability and indirect links to central nervous system changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify sex-specific immune cell signatures in Alzheimer's disease (AD) using peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
  • To evaluate the potential of these immune signatures as early diagnostic biomarkers for AD and their correlation with disease severity and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective cohort study involving 55 participants across healthy controls, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), AD dementia, and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTD) groups.
  • Mass cytometry was employed to analyze immune cell phenotypes in peripheral blood and CSF.
  • Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (DCE-MRI) imaging assessed regional BBB permeability.

Main Results:

  • A sex-specific immune cell signature was identified in AD peripheral blood, with distinct temporal patterns in females (MCI stage) and males (AD dementia stage).
  • This immune cell signature demonstrated a larger effect size for identifying MCI compared to established AD biomarkers like Amyloid β42/40 and phospho-tau variants.
  • The immune signature correlated significantly with hippocampal BBB permeability and cognitive outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Immune cell changes in peripheral blood and CSF exhibit unique responsiveness to AD pathology.
  • These findings suggest potential for novel immune-based biomarkers for AD diagnosis and therapeutic targets.