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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Related Experiment Video

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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Xinru Xu1, Bing Zhang2,3,4,5

  • 1Department of Radiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical Colledge of Nanjing Medicial University, Nanjing 210008, china, Nanjing, Nanjing, China.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neurite density index (NDI) loss in white matter is linked to cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroinflammation impacts cognitive function by reducing synaptic density, suggesting it as a therapeutic target.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neuroinflammation
  • Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

  • Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging (NODDI) assesses synaptic density.
  • Plasma markers GFAP and NfL indicate neuroinflammation.
  • The link between white matter synaptic density, neuroinflammation, and cognitive deficits is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate alterations in white matter microstructure using NODDI and DTI in cognitively impaired (CI) versus unimpaired (CU) individuals.
  • To explore the relationship between white matter integrity, neuroinflammation markers, and cognitive function.

Main Methods:

  • 94 CU and 79 CI participants (including AD and MCI) underwent NODDI and structural MRI.
  • Compared DTI (FA) and NODDI (NDI, ODI) metrics between groups using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS).
  • Correlated NDI with plasma markers (p-tau181, NfL, GFAP, Aβ42/40) and cognitive function.

Main Results:

  • CI patients showed significantly lower FA, NDI, and ODI in multiple white matter tracts compared to CU.
  • Affected tracts included anterior thalamic radiation, cingulum, and corticospinal tract.
  • NDI correlated with p-tau181, NfL, GFAP, and cognitive function, indicating NDI influences cognition via p-tau181 and GFAP pathways.

Conclusions:

  • NDI effectively captures neurodegenerative changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • Neuroinflammation (GFAP) contributes to cognitive decline by reducing white matter synaptic density.
  • Targeting neuroinflammation may mitigate synaptic loss and cognitive impairment.