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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Miriam Rabl1, Pyry Helkkula1, Willem Lucas Hartog2

  • 1Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in older adults are linked to distinct protein profiles in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). These findings suggest unique pathological mechanisms underlying NPS, potentially offering novel therapeutic targets for dementia.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Proteomics
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are prevalent in older adults and can indicate early dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • The underlying pathological mechanisms of NPS in dementia remain largely unknown.
  • Untargeted proteomics offers a method to explore central nervous system (CNS) molecular alterations associated with NPS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate CNS molecular pathway alterations related to the presence and severity of NPS in older individuals using untargeted proteomics.
  • To identify specific protein profiles associated with overall NPS severity and individual NPS.
  • To explore potential differences in pathological mechanisms underlying various NPS.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized untargeted mass spectrometry-based cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteomics on individuals with normal cognition (NC), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and mild AD dementia.
  • Measured NPS using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire (NPI-Q).
  • Applied linear and logistic regression models to correlate CSF protein levels with NPI-Q scores and individual NPS, analyzing 1962 proteins.

Main Results:

  • Included 362 individuals (NC, MCI, AD dementia). Men showed more severe NPS and higher prevalence of apathy, irritability, agitation, and disinhibition.
  • Identified twelve CSF proteins associated with overall NPS severity, independent of amyloid status.
  • Found distinct protein alterations for individual symptoms, with no overlap for apathy, irritability, and depression.

Conclusions:

  • Untargeted CSF proteomics revealed distinct protein profiles linked to NPS severity and individual symptoms.
  • Preliminary results indicate diverse pathological mechanisms underlying NPS.
  • These distinct mechanisms may serve as specific targets for future interventions.