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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Xi Yu1, Mingzhao Hu2, Scott A Przybelski2

  • 1Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Type 2 diabetes and hypertension cause brain changes detectable by Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging (NODDI). These microstructural changes, particularly from diabetes, moderately impact cognitive performance and dementia risk.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Medical Science
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension are linked to brain alterations that increase dementia risk.
  • Advanced diffusion MRI techniques, such as Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging (NODDI), may detect subtle tissue microstructural changes caused by these conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the utility of composite NODDI scores, incorporating hemoglobin A1c and systolic blood pressure, in predicting cognitive function.
  • To compare the predictive performance of these customized NODDI scores against traditional dementia risk measures.

Main Methods:

  • Diffusion MRI data from 1024 participants in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging were analyzed using NODDI.
  • Multiple linear regression identified brain regions susceptible to T2DM (HbA1c) and hypertension (systolic blood pressure), considering age, sex, and BMI.
  • Gradient boosting models assessed the impact of composite NODDI metrics on cognition.

Main Results:

  • Increased HbA1c affected both gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) NODDI metrics, with early changes in GM ODI.
  • Elevated systolic blood pressure primarily impacted WM NODDI metrics, with initial changes in specific WM tracts.
  • Diabetes-related GM changes were found to be a moderately significant predictor of cognitive decline.

Conclusions:

  • Chronic conditions, particularly T2DM, induce brain changes detectable by NODDI.
  • These NODDI-identified microstructural changes contribute moderately to cognitive performance, highlighting their role in dementia risk.