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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Daniel Kapustin1, Neda Rashidi-Ranjbar2, Wei Wang3

  • 1University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neuropsychiatric symptom clusters in Alzheimer's disease (AD) were identified, including behavioral, psychotic, neurovegetative, and affective dimensions. These clusters show distinct links to daily function and brain structure changes over time.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) present significant challenges for individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • Understanding the distinct patterns of NPS is crucial for managing AD progression.
  • This study investigates the clustering of NPS and their longitudinal impact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify distinct clusters of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • To longitudinally assess the association between these NPS clusters and functional outcomes (ADLs, iADLs).
  • To examine the relationship between NPS clusters and structural neuroimaging markers (cortical and subcortical volumes).

Main Methods:

  • 111 participants with AD were analyzed using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q).
  • Exploratory factor analysis identified four NPS clusters: behavioral, psychotic, neurovegetative, and affective.
  • Mixed linear regression models analyzed longitudinal associations between NPS clusters, activities of daily living (ADLs/iADLs), and MRI-derived brain volumes over 3 years.

Main Results:

  • Four NPS clusters explained 62% of the variance: behavioral, psychotic, neurovegetative, and affective.
  • Each cluster demonstrated unique longitudinal associations with specific cortical and subcortical brain volumes.
  • All NPS clusters predicted instrumental ADLs (iADLs), while behavioral, neurovegetative, and affective clusters predicted basic ADLs.

Conclusions:

  • Neuropsychiatric symptoms in AD can be categorized into distinct behavioral, psychotic, neurovegetative, and affective dimensions.
  • These symptom clusters are associated with specific patterns of brain atrophy and predict functional decline.
  • Identifying these clusters offers insights into the heterogeneity of AD progression and potential therapeutic targets.