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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Emma Nichols1, Jinkook Lee2, Alden L Gross3

  • 1University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Blood biomarkers for dementia show promise in diverse populations. Neurofilament light (NfL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were associated with cognitive function and decline in Indian adults.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Biomarker Research
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Growing evidence supports blood-based biomarkers for dementia research due to their low cost and minimal invasiveness.
  • Existing research predominantly utilizes data from clinical samples or high-income countries, limiting understanding in diverse populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the associations between five key neurodegenerative blood biomarkers and cognitive outcomes in a nationally representative Indian cohort.
  • To assess both cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between biomarkers and cognitive function.

Main Methods:

  • Observational cohort study using data from the Longitudinal Aging Study in India-Diagnostic Assessment of Dementia (N=2,699).
  • Analysis of five biomarkers: β-amyloid 42/40 (Aβ42/40), total tau, phosphorylated Tau181 (pTau-181), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilament light (NfL).
  • Utilized cross-sectional linear regression and longitudinal joint models, adjusting for covariates, and explored non-linearities and effect modification.

Main Results:

  • Observed significant associations between Aβ42/40, GFAP, and NfL with cross-sectional cognitive functioning.
  • pTau-181 and NfL showed associations with longitudinal cognitive change.
  • Each standard deviation increase in GFAP was linked to lower general cognitive functioning, while NfL was associated with accelerated cognitive decline.

Conclusions:

  • Findings align with previous studies, supporting the utility of neurodegenerative biomarkers in the Indian population.
  • Future research should explore biomarker applications in India for dementia heterogeneity, risk factors, and vascular interactions.
  • Further investigation into the biological heterogeneity of dementia and its interplay with vascular health is warranted.