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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Chidera Agwu1, Charles C Windon2, Thomas J Hoffmann3

  • 1Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, CO, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Minority groups, particularly Black and Hispanic individuals, experience higher rates of misdiagnosis for Alzheimer's disease and dementia. Cognitive tests like MMSE and MoCA may exacerbate these disparities, highlighting the need for culturally sensitive diagnostic approaches.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Gerontology
  • Health Disparities

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) prevalence increases with aging, disproportionately affecting diverse populations.
  • Systemic barriers, including healthcare access and interactions, contribute to diagnostic challenges.
  • Accurate diagnosis is crucial for managing cognitive deficits and dementia in AD patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the discordance between objective cognitive impairment measures and AD biomarkers.
  • To examine how healthcare provider interactions influence the relationship between diagnosis and biomarkers across racial groups.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) data from 180,039 patients.
  • Analyzed Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers (Amyloid-Beta, Total Tau, Phospho-Tau).
  • Employed regression analysis to assess associations between cognitive scores, biomarkers, and clinical diagnosis across racial groups, comparing minorities to White patients.

Main Results:

  • 24.5% of patients with biomarker data identified as minorities (n=3050).
  • Black and Hispanic patients showed significant discordance between physician diagnosis and all AD biomarkers.
  • MMSE scores also revealed significant discordance for Black and Hispanic patients compared to White patients.

Conclusions:

  • Certain minority groups face a higher likelihood of misdiagnosis for dementia, particularly when specific cognitive tests are employed.
  • Cognitive testing measures are influenced by factors requiring further investigation.
  • Diagnostic tools and clinical assessments must be adapted to account for diverse patient populations in AD diagnosis.