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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Bruna Seixas Lima1, Pedro Rosa-Neto2, Durjoy Lahiri3

  • 1Baycrest Academy for Research and Education, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Serum glial fibrillary acid (GFAP) levels, a marker of neuroinflammation, increase with age and cognitive impairment, particularly in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD). Peripheral inflammation and BMI were inversely associated with GFAP levels.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroinflammation Research
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • Neuroinflammation is a key factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias.
  • Glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) is an astrocyte-derived biomarker reflecting neuroinflammation.
  • This study examines serum GFAP levels in relation to cognitive status and clinical features.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate serum GFAP levels in individuals with AD, vascular dementia (VaD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), vascular MCI (V-MCI), and cognitively unimpaired (CU) controls.
  • To explore the relationship between GFAP levels and clinical features, including age, sex, and markers of vascular disease.
  • To understand the association between neuroinflammation (GFAP) and peripheral inflammation (CRP, IL-6) and body mass index (BMI).

Main Methods:

  • Serum GFAP levels were measured in 60 AD, 65 VaD, 179 MCI, 122 V-MCI, and 88 CU participants.
  • Participants were categorized into low, medium, and high GFAP tertiles.
  • Cumulative link modeling analyzed associations between GFAP and demographic, clinical, and inflammatory variables, including CRP, IL-6, BMI, and Fazekas scale scores.

Main Results:

  • Significant associations were found between GFAP tertiles and age, AD diagnosis, VaD diagnosis, MoCA scores, sex, CRP, and BMI.
  • Lower GFAP levels correlated with higher CRP and BMI.
  • GFAP levels did not correlate with nutrition, sleep quality, smoking history, comorbidity count, or MRI-derived white matter lesions (Fazekas scale).

Conclusions:

  • Serum GFAP levels increase with age and are elevated in cognitive impairment, especially in AD and VaD.
  • Peripheral inflammation (CRP) and BMI show an inverse relationship with neuroinflammation (GFAP).
  • Elevated GFAP is not directly linked to white matter lesions or vascular disease severity in this cohort.