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Clinical Manifestations.

Setareh Rassa1, Arman Hajikarim-Hamedani1, Nikan Shafiei Alavijeh1

  • 1Cognitive Neurology, Dementia and Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic of).

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) both cause frontal lobe dysfunction but differ significantly. FTD affects older adults with progressive decline, while TBI impacts younger individuals with acute symptoms and varied brain imaging.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • The prefrontal cortex, comprising dorsolateral and ventromedial regions, governs executive functions and emotional processing, respectively.
  • Frontal lobe syndrome results from prefrontal brain injury, with diverse causes including trauma, stroke, tumors, and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Differentiating behavioral and cognitive symptoms is critical for diagnosing the underlying cause of frontal lobe dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and compare clinical and neuroimaging findings in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  • To highlight the distinct demographic profiles, symptom trajectories, and neuroimaging characteristics of FTD and TBI.
  • To emphasize the importance of these distinctions for accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, searching PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycInfo (1991-2025).
  • Data extraction focused on demographics, study characteristics, population details, behavioral and cognitive symptoms, and neuroimaging findings.
  • Methodological quality was assessed using modified Cochrane and Effective Public Health Practice Project tools.

Main Results:

  • Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) predominantly affects older adults, presenting with progressive behavioral changes (disinhibition, apathy) and executive function deficits, often showing frontal/anterior temporal atrophy on neuroimaging.
  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI) typically affects younger individuals, causing acute behavioral disturbances and cognitive deficits, with variable neuroimaging findings often showing inferior medial frontal lobe damage.
  • Neuroimaging in FTD typically reveals specific patterns of brain atrophy, whereas TBI findings vary based on injury severity and location.

Conclusions:

  • FTD and TBI represent distinct etiologies of frontal lobe dysfunction, differing in patient demographics, symptom progression, and characteristic neuroimaging findings.
  • FTD is characterized by gradual decline and specific atrophy patterns, while TBI presents with more immediate symptoms and variable injury markers.
  • Accurate differentiation between FTD and TBI is essential for effective diagnosis and the implementation of tailored therapeutic interventions.