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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Ting-Wen Chu1,2,3, Yi-Ting Hsieh4, Jen-Ming Chiou5,6

  • 1Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Retinal biomarkers like RNFL and GC-IPL thickness show complex links with cognitive function over time, influenced by sleep quality and daytime sleepiness. These eye and sleep assessments may improve cognitive health predictions.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology and Neurology
  • Geriatric Epidemiology
  • Biomarker Research

Background:

  • Early detection of preclinical dementia is crucial.
  • Retinal biomarkers, including retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness, are being investigated for their potential in diagnosing cognitive decline.
  • Longitudinal studies examining the interplay between retinal biomarkers, sleep patterns, and cognitive function in older adults are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the longitudinal associations between retinal biomarkers (RNFL and GC-IPL thickness) and sleep patterns (sleep quality and daytime sleepiness) with cognitive function in non-demented older adults.
  • To investigate the potential of retinal and sleep assessments in predicting cognitive health trajectories.

Main Methods:

  • A four-year prospective cohort study involving 257 non-demented older adults.
  • Cognitive function assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Taiwanese version (MoCA-T) and neuropsychological tests.
  • Retinal imaging via optical coherence tomography (OCT) and sleep patterns assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS).
  • Multilevel models used to analyze associations, adjusting for covariates.

Main Results:

  • Increased baseline RNFL and GC-IPL thickness were linked to poorer global cognition initially but showed protective effects over time.
  • Baseline GC-IPL thickness correlated with poorer attention but demonstrated protective effects on memory and attention longitudinally.
  • Significant interactions were found between sleep quality and GC-IPL thickness for global cognition and attention.
  • Significant interactions were also observed between excessive daytime sleepiness and GC-IPL thickness for global cognition and memory.

Conclusions:

  • Retinal biomarkers exhibit non-linear associations with cognitive function.
  • The relationship between retinal biomarkers and cognitive function is significantly influenced by the interaction of sleep quality and daytime sleepiness.
  • Integrating retinal biomarker and sleep pattern assessments may enhance the prediction of cognitive health outcomes.